The concept of ‘radicalization’ has served as a cornerstone in both academic research and counter-terrorism practices. Since the events of September 11, 2001, radicalization was initially defined as the process by which individuals become willing to support or execute acts of terrorism. This article explores how these early definitions provided the foundation for counter-terrorism measures and examines how the term has evolved amid new and emerging trends.

In the aftermath of 9/11, ideologically and cognitively driven radicalization became the dominant lens through which counter-terrorism viewed the threat. Countries such as the UK, often considered a frontrunner in counter-terrorism policies, adopted these frameworks. However, recent shifts have emerged, marked by increasing cases involving very young individuals with unclear ideological motivations, challenging traditional understandings of ideological radicalization.

This emerging trend poses substantial challenges to the concept of radicalization as an analytical tool for explaining terrorism. While cognitive and ideological dispositions are central to traditional frameworks, the unclear link between these dispositions and actual involvement in terrorism undermines the validity of radicalization as a foundation for practices and policies – especially in the era of digital radicalization and transnational online influences.

The findings discussed in the article point towards the necessity of revisiting existing radicalization models, particularly in light of newer, less ideologically driven forms of terrorism. Younger individuals often seem to be influenced by social or situational factors rather than strict ideological adherence, complicating traditional mechanisms of monitoring and early intervention.

Moving forward, the viability of existing models of radicalization may face significant challenges. Academic research must expand to understand non-ideological drivers of radicalization, such as social influences, digital spaces, and mental health challenges among younger populations. Likewise, counter-terrorism policies must shift from an exclusive focus on cognitive and ideological elements toward more holistic approaches that better reflect the evolving nature of the threat.